Time Management | H M Ikram Ul Haq



Time Management


“You can't make it clear what you want. However, you are your main goals and can decide big goals!” (Clement Stone)

Most people have no idea how valuable time is. They don't realize that they have got life once, and even after half of their life they got consciousness and even after getting this consciousness they didn't see where to use the time. Just as a person thinks about money, where to spend it, how to use it better, how to get maximum benefit from it, similarly he should know the importance of time. If a person decides to take control of his time and make the most of it, he can learn the art of getting more done in less time.

Every human gets equal time


Nature gives each person 1440 minutes in a day, seven days in a week and thirty days in a month and 365 days in a year, that is, everyone gets equal time. But everyone's usage is different. There is a segment of people who are very busy. They are very lucky people who say that time is less and work is more. On the other hand, there is a class that does not pass time. Such people spend their time watching TV, playing soccer, social media or wandering. The person who wants to organize time, should first see why I am not able to control my time. First he made a list of it. When the list is made, there will be many tasks that will be wasting his time.

Prime time


Every person has some time in their twenty-four hours as their "prime time". Prime time is the time when a person can do more quality and more quantity of work in less time. Prime time is different for different people. For many people the early morning time is better and for some people the night time is better. However, according to Islamic philosophy, the best time to work is from Tahajjud to Zawal. It is also in the Quran that “We have made the day for work and the night for rest.” In this regard, the life of the most successful and richest people in the world was studied and it was found that those people sleep late and wake up early. According to the research conducted in America, usually the richest people in the world wake up at three to four in the morning and then do not sleep. This is the natural way of looking at it.

Anyway, check your prime time and schedule your activities accordingly. In whatever prime time you have, do the things that demand the most of your attention. Then there are other tasks that require relatively less energy and attention. If you do less attention-demanding work in prime time, you will have to do more attention-demanding work in the rest of the time. Thus, you will take more time, but the result will be less. A large number of people consider their office life as their real life. On the contrary, there are people who consider only their personal life as life. Some people consider their family as their real life. Some people consider their friends and acquaintances as an asset in their life. The kind of life that people think is real, they spend most of their time in it.

A large number of young people who are studying think that as soon as we finish our education, we will get a job immediately, then we will have more time. But it doesn't really happen. It takes some time to get a job. Ninety percent of young people who wait for a job after getting a degree are unemployed until they get a job, even though they have to do some work in the meantime that is admittedly low-paying and of poor quality. But it will give them a lot to learn. Man does not see the base, he sees the height, while the strength of the base is necessary for the height.

Seven Parts of Life


There are seven parts to our life. Understand that there are seven baskets of life and it is important to keep your time in these seven baskets. If even one basket is neglected, life is not balanced. When life is not balanced, problems will arise. These seven baskets of life are as follows:

Don't be self-destructive It is seen how much attention is paid to health, whether self-improvement is taking place.

Your family: It looks at how much time you are giving to your family and how much improvement is possible.

Profession: It shows what the profession is like and what the professional life is like.

Society: This is the social circle. It shows how many friends there are in life. Which are beneficial and which are harmful? How many to keep, how many not to keep? Is the required time being given or is more time being spent here?

Services: It is seen whether any role is being played in terms of serving others or not. Or any time is reserved for the service of humanity.

Religion: It has to do with spiritual growth. It shows how much of a relationship there is with Almighty Allah (SWT). Didn't they become materialistic? Are the rights of Allah being paid? How much time is reserved for Allah?

Loneliness: It is seen how much time a person spends with himself. How long does a man meet himself? He talks to himself or not. Does he know his rights?

These are the seven colors of life. A lucky person is one who has all these colors inside him. Allocating your time evenly among these seven colors is actually time management. It's possible that someday the family will need more time. You have to leave the office on that day. It is possible that one day the office will be so busy that it will be difficult to give full time to the family. It is possible that the friend is in pain. It needs more time. It is possible that you are sick and therefore need more time for your health. It's quite possible, you're down on yourself and feel like something's missing in life even though there's no apparent problem. At this time you need more time for solitude. It is very important to see where the time should be divided and where it is currently taking place. Setting priorities is very important.

Time management is not such a big problem for those who work with a certain routine. They live between nine and five. They do not feel the need to arrange and organize their time. To be clear, time management is the problem of people who feel short of time, who want to do a lot in their one life, who are crazy about turning their ordinary hours into extraordinary results. Those who have awakened the sleeping Jinn within themselves and now want to work with this Jinn. When this happens, then the work is more and the time is less.


Proactive role


One of the habits of successful people in the world is that they are proactive. We have parents who worry a lot about insuring their children, but not about their education. This is real insurance though. Proactive means how ready are you to act? How much do you plan for the coming hours? How much time was saved? Such people are learning from themselves all the time, every moment. A man who does not learn from his fast and night, he does not get more than his time. People who are eager to learn and develop flexibility to change, have good time management. Unfortunately, as a nation, we don't value learning. Studying books and observing situations are important sources of learning. The intelligent people of the world give meaning to the misfortunes and fortunes of their lives. People whose tongues are full of doubts and regrets, this is a sign that the time has not been used properly.

There is no holiday with nature


People in developed countries also plan their vacation while we oversleep on our vacation day and then the whole day is wasted. Remember, there is never a "holiday" in life under the law of nature, only a change of work. This life is a gift from Allah. It should not be wasted. It should be used correctly. Time is the gift and reward of Allah Ta'ala. It should be managed properly to make life easier. Parking plazas in New York began to be built in nineteen twenty-five, although there were only twenty-five cars in the whole of New York at that time, but their thinking was proactive. Therefore, they built parking plazas thinking that vehicles will come here in the future.

If there is a quest for learning, then the personality of a person is fresh. If there is a quest for learning, there is brilliance in a person's personality. The learner is always exploring and searching. According to a study, people who love to learn live longer. When a person says that everything is over, then it means that he has no intention of living anymore.

“Martin Luther King says that if a man has to do something, one life is enough for him, otherwise even if he gets five hundred lives, he will not be able to do anything”.

CABA-MDTP Syllabus | Jan 2023 Session

 

CABA-MDTP Syllabus for 1st Semester Jan 2023 Session

Diploma in Computer Application (CABA-MDTP)


Congratulation on your selection in CABA - MDTP Course (One of the significant initiatives of the Council has been the transformation of Urdu speaking population into part of the employable technological workforce in the age of technology and computer. It not only provides job opportunities for Urdu-speaking people but also increases the computer literacy rate of the country. NCPUL launched a one-year course ‘Diploma in Computer Applications, Business Accounting, and Multilingual DTP’ across the country.) offered by National Computer Institute at  3rd floor of Triple S Complex Near Post Office Samote, Surankote District Poonch J&K - 185121.

2nd Batch (Jan 2023) Syllabus is live you can download the syllabus from the following links:

Compiler Design

Important Topics that you have to go through before Appearing in the Final Exam.

1. Ambiguous Grammar

A grammar is said to be ambiguous if there exists more than one left most derivation or more than one right most derivation or more than one parse tree for a given input string. If the grammar is not ambiguous then we call it unambiguous grammar. If the grammar has ambiguity then it is good for compiler construction.

2. Parse Generator

In computer science, a compiler-compiler or compiler generator is a programming tool that creates a parser, interpreter, or compiler from some form of formal description of a programming language and machine. The most common type of compiler-compiler is more precisely called a parser generator

3. SLR

SLR represents "Simple LR Parser". It is very simple and economical to execute. But it fails to make a parsing table for some class of grammars, i.e., why CLR and LALR are used which implements mainly all class or type of grammars.

4. What is Parsing in Compiler Design?

The process of transforming the data from one format to another is called Parsing. This process can be accomplished by the parser. The parser is a component of the translator that helps to organise linear text structure following the set of defined rules which is known as grammar.

5. Translator

A translator is a programming language processor that modifies a computer program from one language to another. It takes a program written in the source program and modifies it into a machine program. It can find and detect the error during translation.

There are various types of a translator which are as follows −

Compiler − A compiler is a program that translates a high-level language (for example, C, C++, and Java) into a low-level language (object program or machine program). The compiler converts high-level language into the low-level language using various phases. A character stream inputted by the customer goes through multiple stages of compilation which at last will provide target language.

Pre-Processor − Pre-Processor is a program that processes the source code before it passes through the compiler. It can perform under the control of what is referred to as pre-processor command lines or directives.

Assembler − An assembler is a translator which translates an assembly language program into an equivalent machine language program of the computer. Assembler provides a friendlier representation than a computer 0’s and 1’s that simplifies writing and reading programs.

An assembler reads a single assembly language source document and creates an object document including machine instructions and bookkeeping data that supports to merge of various object files into a program.

Interpreter − An interpreter is a program that executes the programming code directly rather than only translating it into another format. It translates and executes programming language statements one by one.

Macros − Many assembly languages support a “macro” facility whereby a macro statement will translate into a sequence of assembly language statements and possibly other macro statements before being translated into machine code. Therefore, a macro facility is a text replacement efficiency.

Linker − Linker is a computer program that connects and combines multiple object files to create an executable file. All these files might have been compiled by a separate assembler. The function of a linker is to inspect and find referenced module/routines in a program and to decide the memory location where these codes will be loaded creating the program instruction have an absolute reference.


Loader − The loader is an element of the operating framework and is liable for loading executable files into memory and implement them. It can compute the size of a program (instructions and data) and generate memory space for it. It can initialize several registers to start execution.

It creates a new address space for the program. This address space is huge to influence the text and data segments, along with a stack segment. It can repeat instructions and data from the executable file into the new address space.

6. Error

An Error is the blank entries in the symbol table. Errors in the program should be detected and reported by the parser. Whenever an error occurs, the parser can handle it and continue to parse the rest of the input.

7. Code Generator

A code generator is a compiler that translates the intermediate representation of the source program into the target program. In other words, a code generator translates an abstract syntax tree into machine-dependent executable code.

8. Context free grammar

Context free grammar is a formal grammar which is used to generate all possible strings in a given formal language.

Context free grammar G can be defined by four tuples as:

G= (V, T, P, S)  
Where,

G describes the grammar
T describes a finite set of terminal symbols.
V describes a finite set of non-terminal symbols
P describes a set of production rules
S is the start symbol.

In CFG, the start symbol is used to derive the string. You can derive the string by repeatedly replacing a non-terminal by the right hand side of the production, until all non-terminal have been replaced by terminal symbols.

9. Role of Parser

The parser obtains a string of tokens from the lexical analyzer and verifies that the string can be the grammar for the source language. It detects and reports any syntax errors and produces a parse tree from which intermediate code can be generated.

10. What is Parsing in Compiler Design?

The process of transforming the data from one format to another is called Parsing. This process can be accomplished by the parser. The parser is a component of the translator that helps to organise linear text structure following the set of defined rules which is known as grammar.

11. Finite Automata

Finite automata is a state machine that takes a string of symbols as input and changes its state accordingly. Finite automata is a recognizer for regular expressions. When a regular expression string is fed into finite automata, it changes its state for each literal

12. Regular Expression

Regular expression is an important notation for specifying patterns. Each pattern matches a set of strings, so regular expressions serve as names for a set of strings. Programming language tokens can be described by regular languages. The specification of regular expressions is an example of a recursive definition.

13. Scanner Generator

It generates lexical analyzers from the input that consists of regular expression description based on tokens of a language. It generates a finite automaton to recognize the regular expression

14. Syntex Tree

Tree in which each leaf node describes an operand & each interior node an operator. The syntax tree is shortened form of the Parse Tree

15. Parameter Parsing

The communication among procedures or functions or methods is known as parameter parsing. The values of a variable procedure are transferred to the called procedure by some mechanism

16. Memory Allocation


In this allocation scheme, the compilation data is bound to a fixed location in the memory and it does not change when the program executes. As the memory requirement and storage locations are known in advance, runtime support package for memory allocation and de-allocation is not required

17. Directed Acyclic Graph


Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a tool that depicts the structure of basic blocks, helps to see the flow of values flowing among the basic blocks, and offers optimization too. DAG provides easy transformation on basic blocks. DAG can be understood here:

Leaf nodes represent identifiers, names or constants.

Interior nodes represent operators.

Interior nodes also represent the results of expressions or the identifiers/name where the values are to be stored or assigned.

18. Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that helps in translating the computer code from one programming language into another language. Basically, it translates the program written in the source language to the machine language. The compiling process contains an essential translation operation and error detection.

19. Grammar Rules

The productions of a grammar specify the manner in which the terminals and non-terminals can be combined to form strings. Each production consists of a non-terminal called the left side of the production, an arrow, and a sequence of tokens and/or on- terminals, called the right side of the production.

20. Local optimization

It involves finding the optimal solution for a specific region of the search space, or the global optima for problems with no local optima. Global optimization involves finding the optimal solution on problems that contain local optima.

21. Loop Optimization

It is the process of increasing execution speed and reducing the overheads associated with loops. It plays an important role in improving cache performance and making effective use of parallel processing capabilities. Most execution time of a scientific program is spent on loops.

Loop Optimization is a machine independent optimization.

22. Control Flow

In computer science, control flow is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated. The emphasis on explicit control flow distinguishes an imperative programming language from a declarative programming language.

23. Data Flow

Data-flow analysis is a technique for gathering information about the possible set of values calculated at various points in a computer program. A program's control-flow graph is used to determine those parts of a program to which a particular value assigned to a variable might propagate.

24. Instruction Scheduling

In computer science, instruction scheduling is a compiler optimization used to improve instruction-level parallelism, which improves performance on machines with instruction pipelines.

25. Target Machine

A target machine is a system (or systems) that runs the 4Test Agent, which is the software process that translates the commands in your scripts into GUI-specific commands, in essence, driving and monitoring your applications under test.

26. Compiler Optimization

In compiler optimization, register allocation is the process of assigning local automatic variables and expression results to a limited number of processor registers. Register allocation can happen over a basic block, over a whole function/procedure, or across function boundaries traversed via call-graph

27. Syntax Analysis

When an input string (source code or a program in some language) is given to a compiler, the compiler processes it in several phases, starting from lexical analysis (scans the input and divides it into tokens) to target code generation.

Syntax Analysis or Parsing is the second phase, i.e. after lexical analysis. It checks the syntactical structure of the given input, i.e. whether the given input is in the correct syntax (of the language in which the input has been written) or not. It does so by building a data structure, called a Parse tree or Syntax tree. The parse tree is constructed by using the pre-defined Grammar of the language and the input string. If the given input string can be produced with the help of the syntax tree (in the derivation process), the input string is found to be in the correct syntax. if not, the error is reported by the syntax analyzer.

The pushdown automata (PDA) is used to design the syntax analysis phase.

28. Pushdown Automata

In the theory of computation, a branch of theoretical computer science, a pushdown automaton is a type of automaton that employs a stack. Pushdown automata are used in theories about what can be computed by machines. They are more capable than finite-state machines but less capable than Turing machines

29. Top-down parsing

 In computer science it is a parsing strategy where one first looks at the highest level of the parse tree and works down the parse tree by using the rewriting rules of a formal grammar. LL parsers are a type of parser that uses a top-down parsing strategy

30. Operator Grammar

A grammar that is used to define mathematical operators is called an operator grammar or operator precedence grammar. Such grammars have the restriction that no production has either an empty right-hand side (null productions) or two adjacent non-terminals in its right-hand side.

Model of Entrepreneurship

Business models can be divided into Six ways

Everything it takes to make something:

  • Design,
  • Raw materials manufacturing and labor.

Everything it takes to sell that thing:

  • Marketing,
  • Distribution& delivering a product and processing the sale.

How and what the customer pays:

  • Pricing strategy
  • Payment methods 
  • Payment timing and so on.

What innovation and value addition provided:

  • Cost reduction
  • Convenience 
  • Value proposition.

What type of business to be adopted

A business type can be defined in terms of value which customers are going to get as what the business gets out of it is the profit. Under mentioned types of business model that any for-profit business will fall into:

  • MANUFACTURER 
  • SOCIAL ENTERPRISE 
  • TRADING 
  • E Commerce 
  • SERVICES

Manufactures 

A manufacturer takes raw materials and creates a product, or assembles pre-made components into a product (E.g. car manufacturers). A manufacturer may sell its products directly to its customers, or it can outsource sales to another company.

PRODUCTION: The processes and methods used to transform tangible inputs (raw materials etc.) and intangible inputs (ideas, information, etc.) into goods or services.

JOB WORK: Job work is the processing or working on goods supplied by another person/entity to complete a part or whole of the process. 

ANCILLARIES: Ancillary industries are those which manufacture parts and components to be used by larger industries.

TRADING

The act or process of buying, selling, or exchanging commodities, at either wholesale or retail, within a country or between countries. 
  • Distributors 
  • Retailers 
  • Franchise

SERVICES

  • Services like health, education, hospitality etc. 
  • Professionals 
  • Self employed 
  • Service Providers for Companies

SOCIAL ENTERPRISE 

  • Societies 
  • Cooperatives 
  • Trust 
  • Company under Chapter 8 of Company Act 
  • Farmers Producer Organization 
  • Self Help Groups

E Commerce

  • Business to Business 
  • Business to Customer  
  • Customer to Customer

Different Types of Business Models

1. Advertising 

Advertising model has been existing from long its only that with the value additions in the business with the new technologies emerging Tit has become easier and sophisticated , therefore from print to online. 
Examples: CBS, The New York Times, YouTube

2. Affiliate

The affiliate business model is related to the advertising business model but have some specific differences. 
Examples: TheWireCutter.com, TopTenReviews.com

3. Brokerage

Brokerage businesses connect buyers and sellers assists facilitate a transaction. They charge a fee for each transaction to either the buyer or the seller and sometimes both.

4. Concierge/customization

Some businesses collect existing products or services and bring a custom element to the transaction that makes every sale unique for the customer who grabs on to it. 
For Example: think of custom travel agents who book trips and experiences for wealthy clients. You can also find customization happening at a larger scale with products like Nike’s custom sneakers.

5. Crowdsourcing

In the current system crowdsourcing has become popular . These models are most frequently paired with advertising models to generate revenue, Companies that are trying to solve difficult problems often publish their problems openly for anyone to try and solve.

6. Disintermediation

Disintermediation is when you sidestep everyone in the supply chain and sell directly to consumers, allowing you to potentially lower costs to your customers and have a direct relationship them as well. Examples: Dell

7. Fractionalization

Instead of selling an entire product, you can sell just part of that product with a fractionalization business model. 
Examples: Disney Vacation Club, Net Jets

8. Franchise

Franchising is common in the restaurant industry. In a franchise business model, you are selling the recipe for starting and running a successful business to someone else.. 
Examples: CCD , McDonald’s.

9. Freemium 

This business model , gives away part of your product or service for free and charges for premium features or services. 
Example- LinkedIn 

10. Leasing

Leasing is most commonly used for high-priced products where customers may not be able to afford a full purchase but could instead afford to rent the product for a while. 
Examples: Cars, Direct Capital 

11. Low-touch 

With a low-touch business model, companies lower their prices by providing fewer services. Some of the best examples of this type of business model are budget airlines and furniture sellers like IKEA. Examples: IKEA, Ryan Air

12. Marketplace 

Marketplaces allow sellers to list items for sale and provide customers with easy tools for connecting to sellers. 
Examples: eBay, Airbnb 

13. Razor blade 

The razor blade business model is named after the product that essentially invented the model: sell a durable product below cost to increase volume sales of a high-margin, disposable component of that product. 
Examples: Gillette, Inkjet printers, Xbox, Amazon’s Kindle 

14. Subscription 

Subscription business models are becoming more and more common in today’s scenario. In this business model, consumers get charged a subscription fee to get access to a service. 
Examples: Netflix, Salesforce, Comcast

15. Reverse razor blade 

Flipping the razor blade model around, you can offer a high-margin product and promote sales of a low-margin companion product. 
Examples: Apple’s iPod & iTunes, and now Mac Books & Pages, Numbers, and Keynote 

16. Reverse auction 

A reverse auction business model turns auctions upside down and has sellers present their lowest prices to buyers. Buyers then have the option to choose the lowest price presented to them. 
Examples: Priceline.com, LendingTree.

Entrepreneurship What, Why & How

What Is Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running of a business and entrepreneurs are the people who create that businesses. 

Why entrepreneurship is needed

  • Increases national production
  • Dispersal of economic power
  • Balanced area development
  • Entrepreneurial Awareness
  • Development Human Resource

ENTERPRENEURSHIP PROCESS

  • Identification and evaluation of the opportunity 
  • Development of the business plan 
  • Determination of the required resources.
  • Management of the resulting enterprise
  • The ability to surmount any difficulty.

IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE THE OPPORTUNITY 

IMAGINATION AND CREATIVITY

  •  A blend of imaginative and creative thinking with a systematic, logical process ability; – What is the problem? Rising oil prices. – Whom does it affect? Consumers – Can it be solved? 
  • How entrepreneurs do what they do: – Creative thinking + systematic analysis = success – Seek out unique opportunities to fill needs and wants – Turn problems into opportunities 

THE SEARCH FOR NEW IDEAS

  • Opportunity identification is central to entrepreneurship and involves: – The creative pursuit of ideas – The innovation process 
  • The first step for any entrepreneur is the identification of a “good idea.” – The search for good ideas is never easy. – Opportunity recognition can lead to both personal and social wealth. 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS PLAN

  • A good business plan must be developed in order to exploit the defined opportunity.
  • Steps of a business plan – Title page/Table of contents/ Executive summary/Major sections 
  • Description of the business 
  • Description of the industry 
  • Technology plan 
  • Marketing plan 
  • Financial plan
  • Production plan 
  • Organization plan 
  • Operational plan

BUSINESS PLAN

  • Title page/Table of contents/ Executive summary/Major sections
  • Description of the business
  • Description of the industry 
  • Technology plan
  • Marketing plan
  • Operational plan 
  • Organization plan
  • Production plan 
  • Financial plan
  • Layout of a business plan

History & Definition of Entrepreneurship

The Beginnings of Entrepreneurship and Trade

  • The first entrepreneurs can be traced back to nearly 20,000 years ago.
  • The first known trading between humans took place in New Guinea around 17,000 BCE.
  • Hunter-gatherer tribes would trade goods from different parts of their respective regions to provide an overall benefit for their tribe.

Entrepreneurship and the Agricultural Revolution

  • By specializing in different professions, members of the community could trade valuable goods for food. These were the earliest entrepreneurs in human civilization. Some common areas of specialization included:
    • Hunting and gathering
    • Fishing 
    • Cooking
    • Tool-making 
    • Shelter-building
    • Clothes-making
  • As time went on, new areas of specialization began to emerge. Early entrepreneurs would work in areas like: 
    • Pottery
    • Carpentry 
    • Wool-making 
    • Masonry 
    • Clothes-making

The Expansion of Trade Routes

As cities sprang up around the world, entrepreneurship took an important turn. Entrepreneurs were still specializing in all of the areas listed above (pottery, carpentry, tool-making, etc.). There are certain points listed below which explains the reasons of expansion of trade route.
  •   The right international trade route could make an entrepreneur very wealthy. Some of the popular trade routes at the time included:
  • Trading salt from Africa across the Roman Empire 
  • Trading technologies like Chinese paper-making around the world 
  • Trading rice from China across Asia 
  • Trading coffee, lemons, and oranges from Arabia into Europe
  • Trading complex ideas like the Arabic number system into Europe (this occurred in the year 1200 thanks to an Italian trader named Leonardo Fibonacci). 
  • Trading gunpowder (a combination of carbon, Sulphur, and potassium nitrate) from China to other parts of the world.

Entrepreneurship and the Invention of Money

One of the key developments in the history of entrepreneurship (and in human history) was the invention of money. Currency changed all that. Over time, paper money and coinage would be developed. Currency gave entrepreneurs several important things:
  • It facilitated long-distance trade
  • It acted as a medium of exchange 
  • It provided a way for entrepreneurs to store value

Entrepreneurship and the Beginnings of the Marketplace in the Medieval Period

The Industrial Revolution marked yet another profound shift in the history of entrepreneurship. Starting in the 18th century, entrepreneurship moved from small-scale production in small towns to large-scale production in big cities. 
Two things fueled this fundamental change in entrepreneurship, including: 
  • Availability of Energy Production 
  • Availability of Labor

Availability of Energy Production

Businesses were no longer restricted by small-scale energy powered by wind (which was weather dependent) or falling water (which was location dependent). 

Availability of Labor

Huge populations began moving to Industrial Revolution cities starting in the 1700s. This gave entrepreneurs a large pool of cheap labor with which to work.

Post World War II Entrepreneurship

  • The economy was increasingly global and becoming more global every decade. Better means of shipping and communication made it easy for entrepreneurs to sell products and services to a global audience. 
  • Microeconomic factors like the number of people owning cars. Especially in America, car ownership made it more important to have highways between major cities. 
  • The environment where entrepreneurs like Ray Kroc made their millions. 
  • Countries around the world experienced similar boosts in growth following World War II. Japan, for example, became one of the world’s largest economies by exploiting a large population available for cheap wages. Germany experienced a similar trajectory.

Modern Entrepreneurship

  • The global economy – combined with modern infrastructure and communications – has introduced a new age of competition to the world of entrepreneurship.
  • Many of these entrepreneurs can access cheaper means of production than you. They may have better access to raw resources of cheap labor. This has made modern entrepreneurship more challenging – and arguably more rewarding – than ever before.
  • Early entrepreneurs in the Agricultural Revolution met the needs of farmers by providing them with tools and shelter. 
  • Entrepreneurship changed dramatically but the core reasons for entrepreneurship remained the same. 
  • Competition has ensured that the entrepreneur’s self-interest doesn’t cause an overall negative impact on society.
Indian System of Entrepreneurship
  • In the pre colonial times the Indian trade and business was at its peak. Indians were experts in smelting of metals such as brass and tin. 
  • Portuguese and the English had captured the Indian sea waters and slowly entered the Indian business. They forced the entrepreneurs to become traders and they themselves took the role of entrepreneurs.
  • India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread nonviolent resistance.
  • Economic reforms since 1991 have transformed it into one of the fastest growing economies however, it still suffers from high levels of poverty, illiteracy, and malnutrition.

Second PMEGP Loan- For Upgradation / Expansion of Existing


About Scheme

  • KVIC Under the Ministry of MSME , Government of India, New Delhi is presently implementing the PMEGP as the National Level Nodel Agency.
  • A Provision has been made for sanctioning a 2nd loan with subsidy for upgrading the existing units, which are performing well in terms of turnover , profit making and loan repayment.
  • For Manufacturing units, financial assistance upto an amount of Rs.1 Crore would be provided , and for service trading units Financial assistance upto an amount of Rs.25.00 lakhs would be provided with a subsidy of 15% (20% for NER and Hilly States)

Objective

  • To fulfill the need of additional financial assistance for upgrading and expansion to the successful / well-performing units. 
  • To cater to the need of the entrepreneur for bringing new technology automation so as to modernize the existing unit. 
  • To enhance the productivity of the existing units with the inclusion of additional dose of funding. 
  • To enhance the capacity of the existing unit with the additional financial assistance assuring additional wage employment.

Quantum and Nature of Financial Assistance

2nd Loan for up-gradation of existing PMEGP / MUDRA units :
All Categories - 10% (of proposed expansion / upgradation cost)-15% (20% in NER and Hill states)
  • The Maximum cost of project / unit admissible under manufacturing sector for upgradation is Rs.1 Crore and the maximum subsidy would be Rs.15 lakhs (Rs.20 lakhs for NER and Hill States)
  • The Maximum cost of the project / unit admissible under Service / Trading sector for upgradation is Rs.25 lakhs and the maximum subsidy would be Rs.3.75 lakhs (Rs. 5 Lakhs for NER and Hill States)
  • The Balance amount of the total project cost will be provided by bank as term loan. The Applicant can utilize the loan amount for investment on fixed assets i.e., for construction of building / purchase of required new machineries / installation of machinery etc.
  • Under the Term Loan Component (Construction of building / industrial shed , machinery & equipment etc.) the construction of own building may be included and ceiling of construction should not usually exceed 25% of the total sanctioned project cost. 
  • The capital expenditure component including cost of construction should be upto 60% of the total project cost . The working capital cost would be upto 40%. However the financing bank can decide the criteria at the time of sanction of loan based on the nature of the project.

Eligibility Conditions of the beneficiaries

  • All existing units financed under PMEGP / MUDRA Scheme whose margin money claim has been adjusted and the first loan availed should have been repaid in stipulated time are eligible to avail the benefits.
  • The Unit has been making profit for the last three years. 
  • Beneficiary may apply to the same financing bank , which provided first loan or to any other bank , which is willing to extend credit facility for Second Loan. 
  • The 2nd loan should lead to additional employment generation.

Implementing Agencies

  • KVIC 
  • State KVIBs and district industries centers in rural areas. 
  • In urban Areas the scheme will be implemented by the SDIC
  • KVIC & DIC will also involve NSIC , MSME-Dis , RSETIs , RUDSETIs , it is etc.

Financial Institutions

  • All Public Sector Banks 
  • All Regional Rural Banks 
  • Cooperative Banks approved by State Level Task Force Committee headed by Principal Secretary (Industries/MSME) / Commissioners (Industries) 
  • Private Scheduled Commercial Banks approved by state level Task Force Committee Headed by Principal Secretary (Industries/MSME) / Commissioner (Industries)
  • Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

Identification of the beneficiaries & other procedural formalities

  • Units would be selected from all over the country.
  • On PMEGP e-portal , a separate application link will be given for submitting application by the existing units for up-gradation. 
  • The State/District-level Agencies (KVIC/KVIB/DIC), after preliminary scrutiny , will forward the application. Before recommending the application to the Banks, the State / District – level agencies will ensure that the application is complete in all respects and the applicant has fulfilled all the criteria mentioned in the guidelines. The agencies shall complete the scrutiny of the application within 15 days and forward the application to the banks. If the application is found to be order . In case , the application is not in order ,they may return the application along with reasons , within 15 days.
  • The Concerned bank will appraise and sanction the project within 60days. After release of loan , the Bank will claim Margin Money Subsidy (MMS) as per the procedure prevalent for PMEGP Units. The MMS will be kept as Term Deposit Receipt (TDR) for 18 months. No interest will be paid on the TDR and no interest will be charged on the corresponding amount of the loan disbursed. The TDR amount will be adjusted in the loan account after installation of the machinery and on the basis of positive report of a joint physical verification of the implementing agency and the Bank. 
  • A separate MIS for the 2nd dose of financial assistance shall be provided in the PMEGP e-Portal for the purpose of monitoring by all the stakeholders.
  • Joint Physical verification of the unit by the implementing agencies & the Bank shall be undertaken at least twice in a year & details of the joint physical verification will be uploaded on the Portal.
  • Third Party Physical verification shall be conducted by KVIC through outsourcing an independent agency , on completion of 2 years of Upgradation. 
  • CGTMSE Coverage : The beneficiary may opt for covering the project under CGTMSE Scheme by paying requisite CGTMSE fees.

Documents to be uploaded:

  • Previous Loan Sanction Letter issued by the bank Proof of MM Claims adjusted against previous loan & Bank Certificate for Full Loan Repayment.
  • Project report for expansion / upgrading the unit. 
  • Passport size photograph.
  • IT Returns for the last 3 years. 
  • Annual accounts certified by CA for the last 3 years

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